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There are many procedures for calculating the path of a ray through a system of spherical refracting or reflecting surfaces, the following being typical: The diagram in Figure 4 represents a ray lying in the meridian plane, defined as the plane containing the lens axis and the object point.
Calculating the path of rays of light, so-called ray tracing, is used to determine local light intensities inside the photobioreactor based on the focused rays of sunlight.
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Third, Bohr assumed that Newton's laws of motion, so successful in calculating the paths of the planets around the Sun, also applied to electrons orbiting the nucleus.
His creation of mathematical models to calculate the paths of quantum particles was recognized that year with his selection as a fellow of the Royal Society.
After calculating the path and the relative rotational motion of the center of the patella, means were compared using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test for repeated measures at a significance level of α = 0.05.
The modeling included three sub-models: a ray-tracing algorithm to determine the boundary conditions in the absorber wall, a boundary layer to calculate the path length of the photon before its extinction and finally, the six-flux scattering-absorption model (SFM) to estimate the absorbed energy profiles.
To calculate the path loss (PL) of MUEs residing outside a building and connected to an eNB, the urban area model [17] is considered as PL dB = 40 ⋅ 1 × 10 - 3 t o 4 × 10 - 3 ⋅ D h b ⋅ log 10 R - 18 ⋅ log 10 D h b + 21 ⋅ log 10 f + 80, (4).
In this work, a FE program is developed to calculate the path and associated SIF of branched cracks, validated through experiments on 4340 steel ESE(T) specimens.
Instead the computer does all of the work, calculating the reverse path of the sound wave to reveal its place of origin.
Pressure-sensitive yield behavior is captured by the Drucker-Prager plasticity model and an adjoint method is presented to calculate the path-dependent sensitivities of the objective and constraint functions dependent on this model.
This was done by resampling our UAS-derived DEM at progressively coarser resolutions, up to 10 m resolution in 1 m increments, and calculating the resulting paths of steepest descent at each step using a comparable flow accumulation threshold (Jenson and Domingue 1988).
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