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We evaluated each of the 40 statements by calculating difficulty and discrimination.
We also flagged seven statements for special attention in student interviews because their quality could not be fully evaluated by calculating difficulty and discrimination.
We administered the GeDI-Draft 2 to 85 upper-division biology students (Table 2) and evaluated each statement by calculating difficulty (i.e., how challenging a statement is for students) and discrimination (i.e., how well an item distinguishes between high- and low-performing students).
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We calculated difficulty (P) and discrimination (D) for each statement administered in each course.
Item characteristics were analyzed by calculating item difficulty indices (defined as percentage of missings per item), inter-item-correlations, item-subscale-correlations and item-total correlation.
The idea that calculated literary difficulty is a positive feature that writers intend seems odd, but it comes with a distinguished provenance: it is associated primarily with T. S. Eliot, whom Graham counts among her first influences.
Rodriguez will earn $21 million in 2004, and it is not hard to calculate the difficulty in assembling a competitive team when 30percentt of the payroll is devoted to one player.
The app then calculates the difficulty of planned routes and summarises information like whether the trail is gravel or asphalt or features busy roads.
We sampled 20 articles from those two websites and calculated the difficulty using the three readability measures.
We calculated item difficulty on each test by dividing the number of correct responses for each item by the total number of responses for that item (Crocker and Algina 1986).
We calculated their difficulty index to see if those question items tend to be difficult (the "Results and discussion" section) and found that these items with the MD correct answer are relatively more difficult than those with the MI correct answer; the average difficulty index of the former is 0.36 whereas that of the latter is 0.56.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com