Current smoking rates were calculated using the SRs and the urinary cotinine concentration (UCC) methods according to socioeconomic factors.
The correlation between TDI and Mn urinary levels was calculated using SPSS software (version 17).
Estimated values of urinary sodium excretion calculated using spot urine were compared to sodium excretion assessed by 24 h urine samples.
TRP was calculated using the following formula: TRP = 1 − (urinary phosphate × serum creatinine)/ serum phosphate × urinary creatinine).
The TIACs for the main organs, i.e., kidneys, liver, and spleen, were determined using the JADA software, whereas TIACs for the urinary bladder contents were calculated using the voiding bladder model provided by OLINDA.
Urinary albumin excretion was calculated using the formula UAE = albumin (mg)/creatinine (g) [ 1].
The uACR was calculated using the following equation: uACR (mg/mmol) = urinary albumin concentration (mg/L)/urinary creatinine concentration (mmol/L).
Fractional clearance was calculated using urine samples collected during GFR measurements (urinary albumin excretion/serum albumin concentration × GFR), and log-transformed levels were compared using a paired t test.
Osmolality in serum and urine was not formally measured, and it was calculated using a standard formula; only 17 patients had urinary nitrogen determinations.
In rats with preserved urinary production, creatinine clearance was calculated using the formula UCr × V/PCr.
