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The change in solar forcing (ΔFsol) calculated using equations (2 and 3).
Cell nuclei were classified as deformable or undeformable according to the CV and R values; and fraction of the nuclei falling in these regions (R1 5) were calculated using Equations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Fig. 2a).
Additionally, the amount of available shrub biomass (tonnes dry matter per hectare) along both geographical transects was calculated using equations specifically created for Spanish shrub formations.
The long-term design strength of the geosynthetic reinforcements was calculated using equations contained in the Geosynthetic Research Institute Standard Test Method GG4.
But these upper limits are calculated using equations that only take into account springlike, or positive, stiffness.
(boldsymbol {hat {lambda }_{m}}) and (boldsymbol {hat {lambda }_{q}}) are calculated using equations ( 3 ) and ( 4 ).
The required bandwidth (R n req ) of SS n is calculated using equations (5) and (8).
The frame complexity can then be calculated using Equations 15 and 16.
Optic nerve ratio (ONR) and ValX were calculated using equations 1 and 2, respectively (Figyre 1).
DLC and EE of micelles as calculated using Equations 1 and 2 are represented in Table1.
Also shown in Figure 12 is the contact radii calculated using Equations (9) and (10).
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