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Observed (circles), calculated (upper line), and difference profiles (lower line) are shown along with positions for Bragg reflections (vertical bars).
To each ethnic group present in a city, at a given time, we assigned a "circumcision class" (e.g., generalized at puberty, absent, etc), based on the information provided in ethnographic sources, and we calculated upper and lower estimates of frequency of circumcision in male adults (see Materials and Methods, section Circumcision prevalence survey, Text S2, and Dataset S1).
For most pollutants and health effects, the authors calculated upper and lower bound estimates of the effects of exposure.
Briefly, assuming a temperature of at 310.15 K, intracellular pH of 7.7, extracellular/periplasmic pH of 7.0, and a concentration range of 0.01-20 mM, we calculated upper and lower bounds on transformed reaction Gibbs energy, and assigned reaction directionality accordingly.
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Additional developments include the methods of plastic limit analysis, which allowed engineers to directly calculate upper and lower bounds to the plastic collapse loads of structures or to forces required in metal forming.
2.5 Use Eq. (31) to calculate upper bound, and go to 2.6.
Objective: To determine if 2 methods of calculating upper extremity volume (using arm circumferences) can substitute for water displacement volumetry.
Following the idea in [10], we calculate upper bound for the Green's function in the following lemma.
DCA is used to calculate upper bound while lower bound is obtained from a linear relaxation problem.
Instruction dependency information extracted while executing an application is used to calculate upper and lower bounds for throughput, measured in instructions per cycle (IPC).
Expressions are derived to calculate upper limit as well as lower limit critical values for data sets of equal and unequal size at any significance level.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com