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Femoral BMD was calculated to see whether the effect of in utero exposure to DES had regional specificity.
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As a test whether the TNF-induced profile grouping was statistically significant, the paired two-tailed Z-Test statistic was calculated to determine whether these three expression groups came from different populations during the TNF response [see Additional file 1].
The correlations are calculated so as to see whether reform measures adopted in a given year have an effect on policy indicators in the next calendar year.
We also calculated the HRs to see whether the beneficial effect of surgery is maintained over the years in any group where the surgical resection rate was increasing.
These points were obtained from the 3D volumetric MR images obtained in Step 7.Target coordinates (CSRs) were obtained from the T2-w and DW images acquired in Step 2.The angle between needle trajectory and target displacement direction was calculated in order to see whether the target moved along the needle trajectory or in a random direction (Fig. 5).
We tested a calculated initial progression rate to see whether it predicted performance on cognition, function and behavior over time, and to see whether it predicted survival.
Besides the median of all four ratings, which is the proper measure of central tendency for ordinal data, we also calculated their arithmetic mean, to see whether it would "work" better than the "rough" median, which can take only whole values (for a similar averaging procedure, see Chambers & Cooke, 2009).
In this application, the trend of the calculated dew point pressure will be checked to see whether it follows the expected increase with depth trend.
As botanical identification is mandatory to determine specific WD and calculate tree biomass, two methods were tested to see whether local knowledge could help towards this task.
They also calculated that they would need to review 158 specific recommendations to see whether their hypothesis was correct.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com