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To evaluate the measurement error in landmark acquisition, we calculated repeatability (R) for each landmark coordinate and CS [47].
Second, we calculated repeatability in two ways.
We also calculated repeatability using methods described in Wilson, Krause, Dingemanse, and Krause (2013), with a null model based on repeated node-based randomizations of the networks.
We calculated repeatability for non-Gaussian data following Nakagawa and Schielzeth (2010), using their definition of repeatability as the proportion of variance that is reproducible across repeated measures of an individual.
From these models, we extracted the estimated variance components and calculated repeatability as the proportion of the between-individual variance relative to the total variance (Nakagawa and Schielzeth 2010; Dingemanse and Dochtermann 2013).
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We calculated repeatabilities from the components of variance extracted from the repeated measures animal model as the sum of the heritability and the portion of phenotypic variance due to any other random effect (e.g. permanent environment effect) if included into the mixed model (Table S1).
To describe the ratio of intra- to inter-individual variation of each variable, we used the potential for individual identity coding (PIC) [30] and we calculated repeatabilities based on linear mixed-effects models [31].
We then used the residuals for each individual (ResFID) to calculate repeatability.
We calculate repeatability scores from the posterior distributions of among-individual and residual variances and provide the mode (posterior distribution mode [PDM]) and the 95% credible intervals (CRIs) of the resulting distributions.
Fuzzy logic is used to computed aggregated measures of B and RSD r (Accuracy), E 1 and E 2 (Efficiency), and an overall indicator * Impossible to calculate repeatability and derived measures for lack of replicates.
However, we deliberately attempted to quantify the influence of any of these sources of error by calculating repeatabilities, using standard procedures from the quantitative genetics literature based on one-way analysis of variance [ 14].
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