11 Soil Scout prototypes are installed in a heavy clay soil, where up to 236 m distances and −110 dB calculated path losses are overcome with a directive 60° receiving antenna.
For each of the two Tx-Rx links, 200 samples of the received power PRx are recorded and used to calculate path loss PL using Eq. 1. Figure 7 shows the maximum value of PL over 200 samples for each of the frequencies, container types, and Tx-Rx links.
This radio propagation model calculates the path loss when the received signal is composed by a direct line of sight path and a multi-path component which is mainly constituted by a single ground-reflected wave.
Thus when the AP receives the RTS, it can calculate the path loss from the sender.
All UEs calculate the path loss between themselves and eNB based on the received strength of the downlink pilot signal.
In Figure 7(a), a linear regression fit is performed in order to calculate the path loss exponent in a LOS channel measurement.
Also a neighbor BSS station which overhears the RTS packets can calculate the path loss between the sender and itself, by adopting the allowable maximum transmit power.
After wireless propagation, the impulses are received by an RX antenna and sampled by an oscilloscope, where subsequent time-domain algorithms are performed in order to calculate the path loss and power delay profile (PDP) [12].
To calculate the path loss (PL) of MUEs residing outside a building and connected to an eNB, the urban area model [17] is considered as PL dB = 40 ⋅ 1 × 10 - 3 t o 4 × 10 - 3 ⋅ D h b ⋅ log 10 R - 18 ⋅ log 10 D h b + 21 ⋅ log 10 f + 80, (4).
Average performance results based on measurements correspond reasonably well with the ranges calculated with different path loss models.
