Most importantly, global flyways (Figure 3) connecting breeding and wintering areas closely match the minimum cost "wind highways" mathematically calculated from daily wind fields (Figure 2).
To diminish these asymmetries, Huesmann and Hitchman (2001) proposed the usage of the equatorial zonal wind shear anomaly index calculated from zonal wind differences at two heights in the stratosphere.
The parameters of the associated Weibull distribution factor and wind farm parameters can be calculated from the wind speed data and are given in Table 1.
We compared the meridional and zonal winds derived from the Kelan FPI wind model with those based on Meteor Radar wind observations at Beijing (39.92°N, 116.39°E), and those calculated from horizontal wind models, i.e., HWM93 and HWM07, at Kelan.
The hourly Ey data are calculated from solar wind data, which are provided by NSSDC OMNIWeb and ACE spacecraft and contain information on 143 intense storms and a fair number of moderate storms, weak storms and quiet periods between September 3, 1966 and June 30 , 2002
The draw ratio calculated from the supplying and winding speeds was 2000×.
Meridional winds calculated from hpF2 ionospheric data (servo model) may produce errors of about 59 m/s, whereas the method calculated from the F-region base height (h′F) ionospheric data gives errors of about 69 m/s during the occurrence of equatorial spread-F.
Next, the zonally averaged zonal, meridional and vertical wind are calculated from 5 to 110 km.
Values of mean monthly wind speed calculated from the model were compared with those obtained from the measurements at four sites typifying the main climatic regions of the country.
