The absorption data in Fig. 5c were calculated from the reflection and transmission.
The crystalline size (nm) was calculated from the reflection of tetragonal phase at 2θ of 30.34°, using the Scherrer equation [17].
The impedance, Z, of the DUT can be calculated from the reflection coefficient by, Z = Z_0 \frac {1 + \rho}{1 - \rho} where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line.
As model for input impedance (Z_{mathrm{liq}}), a full-wave model of [13] is employed; using fundamental TEM mode, and two lowest TM modes as basis functions, the input impedance is calculated from the obtained reflection coefficient.
The lattice parameters (a-axis and c-axis) were calculated from the major reflection peaks, (111), (300), (113), and (302), with the equation in the hexagonal crystal system: 1/d 2 = 4/3{(h 2 + hk + k 2)/a 2} + (l 2/c 2), where h, k, and l are Miller's indices and d is the interplanar spacing [19].
The impulse response is calculated from the individual reflections of walls and objects inside the room and there is an array of methods in the literature to compute the impulse response in optical intensity domain for a typical room layout.
A notable finding is that the most-preferred delay time of a single reflection for each cellist can be calculated from the amplitude of the reflection and the minimum value of the effective duration (τe)minof the running autocorrelation function of the music motifs played by each cellist.
The CIE LAB color data (L *, a *, and b * ) were calculated from the visible light reflection spectrum by Color CIE software (Perkin-Elmer, CIE D65 photo source, and 10° observation angle; the calculated spectrum range was 400 700 nm).
The optical absorption coefficient can be calculated from the transmittance (T) and reflection (R) of the films with the formula [36], alpha = frac{1}{d};ln ;left( {frac{T}{1 - R}} right) (3)where d is the thickness of the films.
The reflection coefficient was calculated from the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to that of the incident wave for different ABH parameters and different thicknesses of the damping layer.
The grain size L c and L a along c and a-axes, is calculated from the (002) and (100) reflections respectively, using Scherer's formula (Eqs. 1, 2).
