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Integrated intensity results from quantification were exported as Microsoft Excel template for calculations and relative PKC phosphorylation was calculated by normalization to the respective α-tubulin control.

ΔCt was calculated by normalization to the isotype control, and ΔΔCt values were calculated by normalizing to the Ct values of the untreated sample.

The ΔΔCt values were then calculated by normalization to the ΔCt value for control.

Relative expression (V) was calculated by normalization to ß-actin expression as described in [26].

Count data were background and decay-corrected to the time of injection and the percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) for each tissue sample calculated by normalization to the total activity injected.

Abundance was calculated by normalization to beta Actin (Actb).

Samples were analyzed in triplicate by qPCR with a LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics), using gene-specific primers for 40 amplification cycles, and expression levels were calculated by normalization of data to GAPDH mRNA expression.

Analysis of the relative luciferase activity calculated by normalization of firefly to Renilla luciferase activity revealed that the activity of the PGC-1α promoter in AICD-treated APPΔCT15 MEFs was significantly higher compared to the solvent-treated cells (Fig. 3C).

Furthermore, the absorption clearance of cellobiose-coupled LE, which is calculated by normalization with mucosal concentration according to Eq. 8, was increased in the presence of peptidase inhibitors.

The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for AR and five impurities were calculated by normalization of the signal/noise ratio (S/N) to 3 for LOD and S/N to 10 for LOQ, see Table 2.

The viral genome copy numbers (vg) were calculated by normalization of the virus-DNA dilutions to the corresponding plasmid-DNA dilutions (plasmid standard curve).