The LEDs' junction temperature was calculated by measuring the case temperature, which is called the pin-temperature measurement method.
The infinitesimal change in entropy of a system (dS) is calculated by measuring how much heat has entered a closed system (δQ) divided by the common temperature (T) at the point where the heat transfer took place.
The scores were calculated by measuring the parties' policies on clean energy, pollution reduction, and environmental protection, and comparing them with the 40 tests set out in ACF's national agenda for 2016.
The GFR is calculated by measuring the specific clearance from the body of a substance believed to be excreted solely by glomerular filtration.
Sleep efficiency is calculated by measuring how much time I spend asleep versus the overall time I spend in bed.
Plastic strain energy of the copper tube was calculated by measuring the recycled tube.
The neutron and gamma-ray fluxes can be calculated by measuring the fluorescence and Cherenkov light.
The mixing time is calculated by measuring the variation of current with time under potentiostatic conditions.
In brief, the pumping rate was calculated by measuring the time required to complete 20 pumps.
The depth of SSD is calculated by measuring the characteristic dimensions of the dimple.
