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An IMD score (based on crime, education, skills and training, employment, health and disability, housing and services, income, and living environment) calculated at the lower layer super output area (SOA) level (a census based geography containing on average 1 500 people [ 22]) was assigned to each postcode based on the SOA the postcode fell within using data from the 2001 Census.
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The barriers calculated at these lower levels of QM/MM treatment were, however, typically significantly different from experiment by 50% or more.
QM/MM calculations with higher levels of QM theory gave barriers that were considerably lower than those calculated at the AM1/CHARMM22 level.
The figure calculated was at the lower end of the range for modern plant roots, but may have had weak to modest effects on reducing soil erosion.
It's almost always calculated at the 95percentt confidence level.
Rhinomanometry-derived NR is "defined as the pressure gradient of 150 Pa divided by the airflow rate at this pressure gradient," whereas the CFD-derived NRs presented here were calculated at much lower pressure drops that correspond to resting breathing, consistent with the likely breathing state of patients during self-evaluation of symptoms.
Even though, the values of slippage radius as calculated at lower confining stress (Table 2) have almost similar dimensions as the width of the microfractures seen within the grain boundaries (Fig. 5).
Numerical results for skin friction coefficient are calculated at upper and lower wall of the channel.
If the Rfree of the refinement at resolution Y (calculated at resolution X) is lower than the Rfree of the refinement at resolution X (calculated at resolution X), then the additional higher resolution data between resolution X and Y is contributing meaningfully to the refinement and improving the overall structure.
Since the calculated ratio is at the lower end of the NICE band of £20 000–£30 000, IGRA is cost-effective, even at the current NICE threshold which may or may not be conservative.
Scores are calculated at small geographical areas (lower super output areas (LSOA), each containing ∼1500 people), but there may still be some variation in deprivation within each LSOA which is not captured in this analysis.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com