Age was calculated as that on 1 January 2006.
For each delay period, the lowest dollar value that a participant would take immediately, as opposed to waiting for the $100, was calculated as that participant's switch point.
Since the mass of the red marrow in lumbar vertebrae equals 12.3% of the mass of all red marrow in the body [42], the residence time of the red marrow in the body was calculated as that of all radioactivity in the lumbar vertebrae minus that from the bone component and then divided by 12.3%.
Briefly, since the bone mass of the ulna and radius equals 4.3% of all bone mass in the body [41], the residence time of all bones in the body was calculated as that of the radii and ulnae divided by 4.3%.
MMP-7 activity was calculated as that inhibited by the MMP-7 inhibitor.
Relative expression was calculated as that signal intensity of GSTM3 divided by signal intensity of β-actin in each lane.
The energy of coaxial stacking is calculated as that contributed by the two stacked terminal base pairs of the coaxial helices (see Figure 2).
The incremental health care costs of RxO abuse in each country were calculated as that ratio multiplied by the country-specific health care costs of chronic pain conditions.
Many people living in the worst-affected areas have already fallen into the desperate situation officially calculated as that which immediately precedes a famine, Phase 4 of the Integrated Phase Classification, the standard global measure for food insecurity.
*Odds were calculated as that of A/B for each of the first 4 variables This study found that the difference of the type of medical institutions had little impact on the patients' perception of physicians' understandings of their background (Tables 3, 4).
For the frequency analyses, the total power was calculated as the power within a frequency range of 0 - 0.4 Hz, the low-frequency component power (LF) was calculated as the power within a frequency range of 0.04 - 0.15 Hz, and the high-frequency component power (HF) was calculated as that within a frequency range of 0.15 - 0.4 Hz.
