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Effects were calculated as standardized mean differences.
The factor loadings were calculated as standardized coefficients.
Responsiveness was calculated as standardized response mean (SRM).
Between-groups effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences (Cohen's d).
Effect sizes are calculated as standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) at post-treatment.
The standardized score was calculated as standardized score = (NMA/NMC) × 100%, where NMA = number of matched secondary structure and nucleotide stems in the alignment and NMC = number of nucleotide pair in the stem of the consensus structure.
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Effect size was calculated as mean difference standardized by the standard deviation at t0.
Moreover, the relative profit difference (RPD) was calculated as an efficiency standardized measure of profitability of farms (Boone 2008).
Fit error is calculated as the variance standardized to the number of probe sets on a microarray.
Birth weight for gestational age was calculated as birth weight standardized within gestational week.
Relative gene expression was calculated as 1/(2ΔΔCtherebyreby standardizing to control muscle.
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