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In addition, mean squared successive differences (MSSD) within a day were calculated as a marker for emotional instability for a detailed description of the MSSD see [ 78, 79].
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Cardiac power output was calculated as a surrogate marker of cardiac demand.
Blood samples were collected from all CLD patients within the 3-day period before the ultrasound examinations, and FIB4 (age × AST/[platelet count × ALT0.5]) was calculated as an indirect marker of fibrosis [ 9].
GeneNetwork uses a specific interface in which the data from a given trait can be entered, and a likelihood ratio statistic (LRS) is calculated as a function of markers across the genome (for a good discussion of the LRS, see Beatty and Laughlin, 2006).
BER expression score for individual tumors was calculated as a sum of individual marker scores.
For the level of immune response of the serum-antibodies and for analysis of association with certain phenotypes quartile scores for each serologic marker were calculated, as previously described [7], [9], [11], [19].
The penalty parameter can be calculated as, where m is the number of markers and h refers to the heritability of the estimation set [ 30].
LOD scores were calculated as a measurement for linkage at each marker, using both standard interval mapping and extended Haley Knott regression.
The mean of squared difference (MSD) between observed and expected P values of all marker loci was therefore calculated as a measure for the deviation of the P values from a uniform distribution.
In order to compare these different association mapping methods, expected P values were calculated and the MSD between observed and expected P values of all marker loci was then calculated as a measure of the deviation of the observed P values from the uniform distribution [ 25].
There are four main MABS variables: (i) number of backcrosses, (ii) population size, (iii) number and spacing among markers, and (iv) number of marker data points (MDPs) (calculated as per marker per plant).
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