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The incidence for each county was calculated and standardized using direct standardization for age and sex according to the overall composition of the 2009 Chinese population, using 5-year age-group categories.
Incidence rates were calculated and standardized to the age and sex distribution of the 2000 US white population.
The tissue concentration of BDNF was calculated and standardized based on protein concentrations of the spinal cord samples and recovery rate of the internal standard sample [73].
Prevalence was calculated and standardized to age distribution.
Total scores were calculated and standardized, ranging from 0 to 100.
Relative amounts of mRNA were calculated and standardized as previously described [ 13, 14].
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Rates and RRs were calculated and age-standardized to the 2006 New Zealand Census with Māori as the standard population (the Māori population has a younger age structure than the European population and is more similar to Segi's world standard population).
Crude incidence and mortality were calculated and age-standardized to the 1982 Chinese population and Segi's world population.
We calculated directly standardized mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) using as a standard the 2005 population of England and Wales (12).
Prior to running the PCAs, the average score of each Likert-scale question was calculated for every unit and standardized to give a mean of zero and a standard deviation (SD) of one.
Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years was calculated for each country and standardized using Nordic population data for the year 2000 133).
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