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It is well known that the operation of distance relays relies on the power frequency components to calculate the fault impedance and hence make decision on tripping.
Note that with comparison to the existing methods, the proposed method has a clear physical meaning and the set-membership technique makes it more feasible to calculate the fault detection rates relative to different choices of auxiliary signals with smaller energy.
Online-Adaptive Over current Protection Based on the network condition, it will calculate the fault levels & relay setting will be updated by using HIL IEC 61850 communication.
Since the fault is assumed to be in the vicinity of the first PMU, its neighbor PMUs need to calculate the fault distance from the first PMU.
For the double-terminal traveling wave fault location method, as seen in Eq. (1), in order to correctly calculate the fault position, the initial traveling wave arrival times tM 、 tN and the shortest transmission path LMN must be known.
The positive sequence voltage phasors at Bus 2 and Bus 3 (termed as Va+ and Vb+ respectively) and the current phasors flowing from both ends of the line (termed as Iab+ and Iba+ respectively) are used to calculate the fault distance.
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Calculating the fault current contribution is complicated because of the nature of the transition into current limiting mode and because the current produced is a function of control choices as well as physical components.
First, it calculates the fault distance dfi, and then converts the fault distance to the reference terminal 3 of the fault line: df3.
In this work, Density Functional Theory, the Axial Next Nearest Neighbor Ising model and Special Quasi-random Structures have been used to calculate the stacking fault energy of L12-Co3(Al,W) and the effect of small Ta additions on the stacking fault energy.
Using two ab initio electronic-structure techniques, we calculate the planar-fault energies on the γ-surface, i.e., antiphase boundaries (APB) and stacking faults, both complex and superlattice intrinsic (SISF), for (Ni1 − cFec 3Ge as a function of c.
Calculate the post-fault commutating voltage magnitude E ac and the phase shift Δφ using a short-circuit current calculating program for a given fault position, type and resistance.
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