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We applied three readability measures to calculate the difficulty of the two reading passage sources, namely the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (Kincaid et al. 1975) and Dale-Chall readability formula (Chall and Dale 1995), which are based on the sentence length and word difficulty.
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The app then calculates the difficulty of planned routes and summarises information like whether the trail is gravel or asphalt or features busy roads.
We calculated the difficulty level of all items for the whole sample and for socio-economic subgroups.
Using the data from each field test (1 3), we calculated the difficulty and discriminability of each item.
A Flesch-Reading-Ease-Score of 59 was calculated, indicating that the difficulty of the text is easy to moderate.
Therefore, to calculate the frequency of conceptual difficulties, we only used student responses from survey 3. To confirm the understandings or conceptual difficulties we inferred based on written responses, we constructed survey 4 (interview only) to address more closely some of the concepts with which students struggled (Supplemental Material, survey 4).
The studies also illustrate the difficulty of calculating a death toll in geographically difficult circumstances — and of establishing a figure that is widely accepted, particularly amid legal battles.
Despite the fundamental importance of the problem and a considerable body of literature, the tools of robust Bayes are not commonly used in practice, in part due to the difficulty of calculating robustness measures from MCMC draws.
One of the biggest complaints entrepreneurs have about social media marketing is the difficulty of calculating its return on investment (ROI).
This arises not because arrivals cannot be averaged over any given period, but because of the difficulty of calculating the exact profile of arrivals at the queue tail whose position itself affects the timing of arrivals.
I will not get into the difficulty of calculating true intrinsic value, except to say that it involves "real" assets, the effect of inflation and book value.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com