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We wrote a series of C programs to calculate divergence statistics (see Statistical Model of Divergence section) and to estimate LD between all SNP pairs for which there were at least 20 read pairs within a population with valid base calls at each site.
An example of eukaryotic phylogeny adopted in this study with calculated branch lengths is shown in Figure 2. To calculate divergence times, we assumed a strict molecular clock, where branch lengths corresponded to the number of molecular changes, and thus a fixed amount of time.
The substitution rate calculated for each region was used in BEAST to calculate divergence times for the four HEV genotypes.
When the rates for ORF3 and ORF2.O were used to calculate divergence times for the most common recent ancestors (TMRCAs) for these regions, the TMRCA for all genotypes was between 15 and 32 years ago.
To calculate divergence ages with an uncorrelated clock model, we used BEAST 1.6.1 [ 101, 102].
Therefore, a relaxed lognormal clock was used to calculate divergence times for the major grass clades and subclades (Table 3).
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In PAUP*, neighbor-joining distance parameters with Jukes-Cantor correction and random-seeding were used to calculate divergences between rodent sequences and to create trees with proportional branch lengths.
For the α-enolase and the CALMII pseudogenes Ψ2, and Ψ3, calculated divergence times were 11, 19, and 36 Myr, respectively.
The sphere cuts can be introduced in order to introduce topological surgery into the matter of calculating divergence bounds on a particular graphs.
A recent analysis of mitochondrial genomes shows that calculated divergence times were two to six-fold shorter than the true dates [36].
To test this finding, we calculated divergence and diversity of full length and C-terminal-region of V3, in lung and blood tissue from all 18 subjects.
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