Since at least 5 out of 45 presidential elections have gone to the second-most-popular candidate because of spoilers, Mr. Poundstone calculates a failure rate of more than 11percentt for our voting system.
The original problem of calculating a small failure probability, which is computationally demanding, is reduced to calculating a sequence of conditional probabilities, which can be readily and efficiently estimated by means of simulation.
Based on the data available, we calculated a cumulative failure to capture at least 434×106 t of carbon due to habitat loss since the 1920s.
However, MPC needs a relatively accurate model of the post-failure system to calculate a stabilizing control signal.
Consider noting the exact number of wins and losses so as to calculate an exact success (or failure) rate.
At the same time points, we also recorded blood gases, heart rate (HR) and MAP and calculated a sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score [13] from the ICU patient data monitoring system (Picis Critical Care Manager, Picis Inc., Wakefield, USA).
In this paper, a method is introduced to calculate individual failure rates for a transformer population based on failure statistics and diagnostic measurements such as dissolved gas, and 2-furfuraldehyde analysis.
To research SIS's safety performance comprehensively, multiple failure modes and safety impact factors are considered when calculating a system's Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD), average Probability of Failing Safely (PFS) and average availability, while the Markov model and reliability block diagram are combined to construct a safety model.
Chandra's on-board computer, which uses gyro rate data to monitor for unexpected changes in angular momentum in order to protect Chandra from thruster problems or sensor failures, calculated a momentum change that exceeded acceptable limits and initiated a transition to safe mode.
This paper describes an approach to calculate the failure and life-cycle costs associated with different levels of damage and their consequences considering the random occurrences of seismic events and uncertainties in the calculated response.
