Sentence examples for bystander process from inspiring English sources
In the present studies, we investigated the role of mitochondria in the formation and transduction of signals during the early stage of the bystander process.
He explained how targeted radiation in the nucleus and mitochondria permits the probing of subcellular radiation signaling responses and bystander process.
Since these epigenetic effects occur in organs that neighbor the exposed tissues, it is possible that germ cells may also be affected through a bystander process, thereby causing heritable defects in the offspring.
Using primary human fibroblasts, we showed recently that the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) signalling cascade, including the activation of mitogen activated protein kinase pathways, has an essential role in the bystander process (Zhou et al, 2005).
Although various signaling molecules, including cytokines [ 11], reactive oxygen species [ 12], nitric oxide [ 13], calcium [ 14], cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2) [ 15] and MAP kinases [ 16] have been implicated in the bystander process, the differential signal transduction pathways regulating the responses to bystander damage are not completely understood.
However, organizing these findings chronologically and conclusively as etiological, pathogenic or bystander processes has not yet been possible [ 9].
These results indicate that respiratory chain complexes I, III, and V contribute to the generation of early signalling molecules in radiation-induced bystander processes.
Recent facts support the bystander activation process as the crucial method by which hepatitis C virus induces autoimmune thyroiditis.
Consequently, it is proved that the relation among thyroid autoimmunity and hepatitis C virus infection is caused by HCV infection of the thyroid as a result of proinflammatory mediators release, such as IL-8, and development of thyroid autoimmunity through bystander activation process [ 4].
Although possibly caused by scatter from the main radiation source, abscopal effects may also suggest the presence of bystander-like processes in whole organisms.
