The nature of these qualitative differences suggests that Schu S4 actively suppresses, rather than simply bypasses, the host innate immune response.
Direct transmission of NiV from its fruit bat (flying fox) mammalian reservoir to humans, and person-to-person transmission, allows infection to bypass the pig host which served to transmit the virus as it emerged into the human population[4].
Tumors such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute leukemia, lymphoma and bone sarcomas either trigger macrophages to produce these inflammatory cytokines or produce the cytokines themselves, bypassing the early host response.
A recently developed strategy is compliant compressive fixation that uses compression, via a short traction bar, to stimulate osteointegration at the bone-prosthetic interface, promote hypertrophy of the loaded bone, and avoid stress bypass of the host bone around a stiff intramedullary stem [ 2].
Although the respiratory tract is designed to prevent the entry of pathogenic organisms into the lungs and to eradicate such pathogens should they bypass the upper airway host defences, these defence mechanisms can be overwhelmed by, for example, a large aspirated inoculum or an inherently virulent organism.
Recent studies indicated that incorporation of several steps of a natural carbon fixation pathway into a heterotrophic microbe may create a CO2-fixing bypass pathway which enables the host to assimilate CO2 at the expense of carbohydrates.
Transplantation of cancer cells from one mouse into another mouse with identical genetic backgrounds (syngeneic transplantation) bypasses the immunologic host-versus-graft reaction and concomitantly allows the investigation of the contribution of an intact immune system to malignant tumor progression [ 17, 18].
VM escape is an exploitation by which a malware running in a VM bypasses the isolation between the host and VMs and interacts directly with the hypervisor.
Substituting native promoters in a cluster with well-defined, strong promoters, either constitutive or inducible, gives an opportunity to bypass existing regulatory machinery of the host strain and improve production [ 121, 122].
The posterior pole also may be interpreted as part of a parasitic secretory pathway in which secreted proteins directly encounter the host cell cytosol, bypassing the acidic milieu of the PV.
