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We compared 2D (abdominal and intermediate window) and 3D (manual and semi-automatic) CT colonography techniques with optical colonoscopy measurement techniques, i.e. measurement by visual estimation, with a forceps and with a calibrated linear probe.
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The endoscopists measured polyps significantly larger when using a forceps or by visual estimation compared with using a linear probe.
Positive scans were defined as having lymph nodes in the pelvis (Cloquet's node excluded) or retroperitoneally along the aorta or vena cava, that were either enlarged (≥ 1 cm short-axis) on CT images or had a distinct choline uptake by visual estimation, or having skeletal sites with distinct choline uptake without evidence of other pathology on CT images.
EF was determined predominately by visual estimation using two-dimensional imaging with incorporation of fractional shortening in the parasternal long-axis view according to guidelines established by the American Society of Echocardiography [ 12].
Initially, the tilt was set by visual estimation in 100 women and checked by inclinometer afterwards.
Limitations: Habitus assessment by visual estimation is subjective.
The average ejection fraction was 52 ± 13% by visual estimation and 53 ± 14% by biplane planimetry.
Coronary atherosclerotic lesions were quantified for stenosis by visual estimation.
With regard to the shoulder, active and passive forward flexion, abduction, internal and external rotations were measured by visual estimation.
The volume estimation of PCa is made by visual estimation and the malignancy grade (HELPAP) is calculated manually.
The RV systolic function is assessed by nonechocardiographers only qualitatively, by visual estimation.
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