These complexes were characterized by various techniques such as XRD, optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra.
The prepared products were characterized by various techniques, such as XRD, XPS, FESEM, TEM and ED.
The catalyst was well characterized by various techniques such as XRD, BET, FTIR, TPD and SEM.
Both CFA and mZX were characterized by various techniques such as XRD, FESEM, TEM, XRF, BET, FTIR and TGA-DTA.
The bimodal support and catalyst were characterized by various techniques, such as BET, TEM, XRD, and TPR and H2-chemisorpion.
Electrochemical studies of SA were performed by various techniques such as CV, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).
Mean- while, the performance of media access control (MAC) circuit is greatly improved by adopting various techniques such as direct memory access (DMA) control, paging strategy, etc.
The relationship of structure and performance of prepared catalyst beds has been established by using various techniques, such as XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDX, DRS, and PL.
Model parameters for various membranes and diffusion layers are determined by using various techniques such as polarization, mass balance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and interpretation of the response of the cell to step changes in current.
To date, the removal of Cr (VI) has been achieved by using various techniques such as chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, and electrodialysis; however, these methods typically take significantly longer reaction time and expensive, complex preparations.
Composites of metal NPs supported on clay can be fabricated by using various techniques, such as ion-exchange processes, solvothermal synthesis, chemical reduction methods, and sol-gel processes [19].
