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IFN-γ is immunostimulatory and secreted by various cells including activated T cells and macrophages [55].
Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase protein secreted by various cells, including leukocytes and endothelial cells.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a major inducer of EMT [4], [8] and is secreted by various cells including infiltrating immune cells [9], [10].
TC, under normal physiological condition, is synthesized by various cells including polarized epithelial cells such as Caco2 cell and is secreted into plasma in a constitutive manner [7].
Lysozyme is an antimicrobial protein, expressed by various cells including neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells.
P2X7 is expressed by various cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and has been implicated in the formation of multinuclear cells.
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The severe fibrotic process results from ECM overproduction by activated fibroblasts triggered by complex paracrine and autocrine interactions between various cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages.
A further interesting BNP alloantigen candidate was thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1; Table 1, protein 22 and Table 2, protein 6), a protein secreted by and bound on surface of various cells including endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, and platelets [ 44].
Thus, the reduced severity of OA-like changes in Bach1 -/- mice might occur through suppression of inflammation by higher constitutively expressed HO-1 in various cells, including chondrocytes.
CCR2 ligands, CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12, are produced by various cell types, including cancer cells.
IL-10 is a cytokine produced by various cell populations, including CD34+ cells and ECs [26].
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