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Of these, genotyping error could be avoided by using standard genotyping methods and performing quality assessment.
The heterogeneity of B. valaisiana species has been previously evidenced by several authors and on diverse targets such as rrf-rrl spacer, rrs, fla and OspC genes but was not revealed by using standard genotyping methods such as ribotyping [ 10], RAPD [ 24] and RFLP [ 25].
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In contrast, the cost per genotype using standard genotyping on agarose gels is fixed and mostly determined by the costs of DNA polymerase.
M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from elephant respiratory secretions were genotyped by using standard methods recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCCenters for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
The isolates were genotyped by PCR amplification of 15 MIRU-VNTR loci by using standard methods as described (9 ).
Twenty-one major genes for BPH resistance have been identified by using standard evaluation methods developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to distinguish resistance or susceptibility of rice genotypes to BPH biotypes/populations.
Together, these data indicate that the antigenic heterogeneity of ASFV strains is not fully captured by using the standard genotyping approach.
By using a standard genotyping protocol, we carried out a survey of TDR in 299 newly HIV-1 diagnosed and ART-naive individuals residing in Dehong.
Genomic DNA was isolated from tail sections by Bioserve (Beltsville, MD) using standard methods and genotyping was performed by Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) using the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Mapping 5K Panel.
All markers, except sun, were genotyped by amplification using standard PCR following previously published methods [ 30].
Genotyping for the point mutation in the ob gene was performed by PCR using standard protocols.
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