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d, e Colony PCR amplification to check homoplasmicity by using primers from the genome to verify the absence of the second band (dashed arrow), which indicates the replacement of SAA by our recombinant genes.
DNA fragments of individual open reading frames (ORFs) were amplified by using the Sigma-Genosys (The Woodlands, TX) C. jejuni ORFmer primer set specific for strain NTCT11168 coding sequences and by using primers from Operon Technologies (Alameda, CA) specific for unique sequences in strain RM1221, as previously described [40].
hnRNA levels were determined by using primers from an exon and a contiguous intron (exon 3 and intron III for RAR-β and exon 2 and intron II for RXR-γ), so DNA amplification only could occur from newly formed, immature non-spliced RNA.
General primer-mediated PCR was applied by using primers from the L1 region, E1 region and HPV 16 E7 region.
Complementary DNA was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using primers from the small (S) RNA segment of C-CHFV (4).
To investigate the frequency of NPHV infection in dogs, 46 respiratory samples collected from dogs over a 6-month period in the Edinburgh area were screened by published PCR-based screening methods (22, 23) by using primers from the 5′-UTR and NS3 regions.
Attempts to obtain more sequence information from rep sequences by using primers derived from conserved domains in enterobacterial rep genes were unsuccessful.
Therefore, the serum sample was used to obtain the complete MAYV genome sequence by using primers designed from multiple alignments of the MAYV genomes obtained from databases.
Additionally, fragments of the S, M, and L segments from isolates of DUGV collected in 1999 from the Nairobi abattoirs were sequenced by using primers designed from the published sequence of DUGV (3 ).
Nested PCR amplification was performed by using primers modified from those described elsewhere (11).
By using primers derived from the 60-kDa heat shock protein gene sequences, Bartonella DNA was amplified and sequenced from four Ixodes ricinus ticks (1.48%).
