We demonstrated chronic colonization by using genotyping of serial isolates recovered from the same patient.
By using genotypes from the same panel of 5176 SNPs, we searched the data set for duplicate samples between Stages 1 and 2, as well as within the Stages, and found none.
16 Mendelian randomisation can account for unmeasured confounding and reverse causation by using genotypes robustly associated with the risk factor of interest as instrumental variables.
Haplotype frequencies among prostate cancer cases and controls were estimated by using genotype data of the tag SNPs as described by Stram et al (2003).
By using genotype data from tens of thousands of North American Holsteins, Jerseys and Brown Swiss cattle, each genotyped with the bovine 50K SNP chip, these authors identified and (automatically) fine-mapped five new recessive lethal haplotypes in cattle (OMIA 001825-9913, OMIA 000001-9913, OMIA 001823-9913, OMIA 001824-9913 and OMIA 001697-9913).
However, over the course of the study, we did not unearth any new unknown infectious cases of TB by using genotyping.
Linkage analysis determines whether a chromosomal region is preferentially inherited by offspring with the trait of interest by using genotype and phenotype data from multiple biologically-related family members.
We estimated relatedness by using genotype data, pedigree data, and the combination of both genotype and pedigree data under various models.
Reinfection was distinguished from recrudescent infections by standard methods using genotyping of the polymorphic genes msp-1, msp-2, and glurp [ 14].
