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Over past decades, great progress has been made in gerontology by using genetically defined mice and specific pathogen free conditions.
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Although many studies using human keratinocytes in 3D coculture have been reported, studies using genetically defined primary mouse keratinocytes and fibroblasts are rare.
Recent studies have attempted to dissect PDGFR-specific events using genetically defined mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFS) expressing PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, both or neither [ 20].
To evaluate clinical utility of the assay we used genetically defined lymphoblastoid cells derived from FA patients, FA carriers and controls.
We used genetically defined wild-type p53 or p53-deficient mouse fibrosarcoma cells to investigate the p53-dependence of tumour response upon activation of the sphingomyelin pathway.
These data provide information about cell growth and, by using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters, gene expression.
Similar findings were obtained by another group using genetically engineered hESCs transplanted into guinea pig hearts.
Interferon-α is produced by a recombinant DNA process using genetically engineered Escherichia coli.
Our results reveal that the larvae of cnidarians, protostomes and deuterostomes exhibit extensive similarity in the molecular topography of body regions around the apical organ, which we use to genetically define 'apical plate' and 'apical organ'; the specification of these regions by a conserved apical signaling system; and the molecular fingerprint of a subset of apical organ cell types.
Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a blue-light-gated ion channel that can be used to stimulate genetically defined neurons reproducibly, rapidly and non-invasively.
It could be envisaged that small molecules which induce myotube cellularization by targeting p21Cip1 could be tested in an ear punch model using genetically normal mice.
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