In the latter situation the genome distance can be computed by using duplicated genes to estimate the additive genome distance [16].
Given the central role that duplication plays in the evolution of interaction networks, it would be interesting to understand how networks shed light on the evolution of gene duplicates, and how to estimate evolutionary rates of network evolution by using duplicated genes.
For samples analyzed only by KASPar, genotyping QC was tested using duplicate DNA samples within studies and SNP assays, together with direct sequencing of subsets of samples to confirm genotyping accuracy.
We isolated the tops of the microposts from the dark background by using a duplicate for each frame with an erased micropost region that we subtracted from the original frames.
In each extract, NMN was instead measured upon derivatization with acetophenone and spectrofluorometric HPLC analysis, carried out as described, by using a duplicate sample analysed in parallel containing NMN spike of a known amount.
In this study, we used duplicates identified by EnsemblCompara GeneTrees which also took the phylogenetic tree structure into consideration and may provide higher coverage and better ability to handle large gene families [ 25].
Blood samples were collected from participants, and serum was tested for evidence of PARV4 infection by using ELISA (in duplicate) to detect IgG against PARV4 viral protein 2 (3, 6 ) and by using PCR to detect PARV4 DNA (9 ).
To rule out the possibility of laboratory contamination, we performed 2-step conventional RT-PCR by using RNA from duplicate samples of the original throat swab samples from which the 2 viruses were isolated.
