First, inhibition of GTP hydrolysis by Sar1 using a mutation that restricts Sar1 to the GTP-bound state (Sar1H79G) causes transmembrane and soluble cargo to become accumulated in pre-budding complexes that often accumulate in the juxtanuclear region of mammalian cells; in contrast, GPI-anchored cargo remains restricted to the bulk of the ER (Stephens and Pepperkok 2004).
The probability (P) that the observed R mutations in the CDRs were chance occurrences was calculated by using a binomial mutation model: P=[ n!/ k!(n− k!)!] q k (1− q) n – k, where k is the number of observed R mutations in the CDRs and q is the probability that an R mutation will localise to CDRs (Zelenetz et al, 1992; Chang and Casali, 1994).
After DNA alteration, the student can determine the type of phenotype change caused by the mutation using a "mutation table".
Knockout mice were made by using an insertion mutation to disrupt the Cln3 gene, whereby Cln3 exon 1 6 including the start methionine is replaced by a neomycin selectable marker cassette to create a null allele (57, 58).
The focus of this paper is on optimizing the design of genetic algorithms by using an adaptive mutation rate that is derived from comparing the fitness values of successive generations.
We assessed the genotypic susceptibility of TPV/r by using a unweighted tipranavir mutation score as described by Baxter et al. in 2006 [ 7].
Methods for differentiating the biotype-specific CT-B subunit of V. cholerae O1 include sequencing the ctxB gene, performing an ELISA wth a monoclonal antibody specific to the classical or El Tor CT, or by using a mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA)–PCR to distinguish between 2 kinds of ctxB genes.
In 6 out of 26 cases, the KRAS mutational status in primary tumours was confirmed by using a TheraScreen K-RAS Mutation Kit (Qiagen), the Scorpion Amplified Refractory Mutation System technology, which incorporates a unique bifunctional fluorescent primer/probe molecule (Scorpion probe).
Each mutation had a characteristic melting profile that would allow it to be identified by using a control for that mutation.
Genes are ranked by using a score that integrates a mutation factor (MF), i.e., the difference between the impact of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations, and an Interaction Factor (IF), which takes account of the mutational landscape in the functional vicinity (for example, propinquity on a pathway) of a particular gene.
