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The dynamic annihilation of created dislocations was accounted for by using a factor to balance the equation.
In the RGBN case, the standard RGB representation is simply normalised by using a factor N. In our tests, both images are normalised by using their own factor which is N i = max ( R i, G i, B i ), i being the image in question (e.g., left or right image).
The problem of coordinating parameters can be solved adopting basically two types of solutions: (1) centralized approach, which yields the optimal global parameter vector, and (2) distributed approaches, which on one hand often provide suboptimal solutions through greedy techniques such as non-cooperative games, but on the other hand can provide near-optimal solutions by using a factor graph.
Particularly in the latter context, estimates of AGB are needed as a primary variable for establishing the increments or decrements in carbon stored in tropical forests, which is typically converted from AGB by using a factor of 50%% or less [1].
As shown in [7] an approximate scaling of ΔG to P values can be performed by using a factor of approx.1.6 (see [7]).
In the case of charcoal production, the volume of roundwood used is estimated by using a factor of 6.0 to convert from the weight (mt) of charcoal produced to the solid volume (m3) of roundwood used in production.
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Standard LD50 values in terms of µg/bee were converted to ppb relative to body weight (ng pesticide per g bee) by multiplying using a factor of 10,000; equivalent to1000 ng per µg ÷ average bee weight of 0.1 g.
In practice, systematic error or bias can often be resolved by using a correction factor; constant bias requires an additive correction factor, whereas proportional bias requires a multiplicative correction factor.
The structural hypothesis was assessed by using a Confirmatory Factor Analytic design with four common superordinate factors.
By using a scale factor less than 1 the plot limits have increased, this time by a factor of 4.
The simulated vibrations above 1700 cm−1 have been scaled by using a scaling factor of 0.958 and for less than 1700 cm−1 scaling factor is 0.9627 [37].
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