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In the design method, the sliding surface is constructed by using a coordinates transformation containing past values of the state variables.
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By using a coordinate transformation, the underactuated system is presented as a semi-strict feedback form which is convenient for controller design.
After fabrication, the restoration surfaces were inspected, by using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM), to obtain information on the achieved accuracy.
This means that the MAPR does not bias the solution by using a coordinate direction-by-direction approach to the reconstruction, which is highly desirable when unstructured meshes consisting of elements with (almost) arbitrary geometry are used.
A calibration target is designed with a collection of known reference points where whose position is determined by using a coordinate measuring machine and an optical microscope leading to a m uncertainty.
The visualization by using a parallel coordinates plot allows a deeper knowledge about the problem at hand as well as the wise selection of the conditions of the experimental factors for achieving specific goals about the responses.
We used remotely sensed data as a surrogate of plant productivity and habitat structure variables for explaining α- and β-diversity, and evaluated the relative roles of productivity-habitat structure and spatial variables in explaining observed patterns of α- and β-diversity by using a Principal Coordinates of Neighbor Matrices analysis.
These formulations are obtained by using a complex coordinate stretching of the time-harmonic version of the equations in a specific curvilinear coordinate system.
These equations are also called parabolic in the given region if they can be written in the simpler form described above by using a different coordinate system.
By using a new coordinate system based on the velocity potential and the streamline function, analytical solutions in the Laplace space for the temperature field are found, which are then numerically inverted to obtain time-domain results.
When determining parameter values, the required experimental period was made shorter by using a peak coordinate of distribution of non-reactive tracer travel time, instead of the moment analysis.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com