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This is not a problem, for the standard way to do international comparisons of prices is not by using exchange rates, but by using a conversion factor that accounts for differences in what things cost in different countries more generally: purchasing power parity (PPP).
2, by using a conversion strategies, the original problem (FP) is transformed into an equivalent optimization problem (P).
For the energy supply calculation, SRC yields were transformed to numbers of primary energy content by using a conversion factor of 4.95 MWh per oven dry ton (t od) of biomass yield according to FNR [64].
Comparisons of changes can thus only be made by using a conversion factor normalising measurements for differences in diameter [5].
Titers of lentivirus vector stocks expressed in terms of TU/ml were derived by using a conversion factor of 10 TU per pg of p24 protein.
concentration for all Ad vectors was determined at 260 nm by the method of Maizel [44] by using a conversion factor of 1.1×1012 v.p./absorbance unit.
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If you don't have a calculator handy, it's still possible to approximate an inches-to-centimeters conversion by using a "rounder" conversion factor to make mental multiplication easier.
Gladwin (1984) developed a three-component strain meter based on the principle of measuring changes in the diameter of a cylindrical vessel by using a capacitance conversion sensor.
To obtain the 3D ρ structure, we first constructed an a priori ρ model by using a literature conversion relation between Vs and ρ (Feng et al. 1986; Zhao et al. 2004; Deng et al. 2013) for the crust and PREM model (Dziewonski and Anderson 1981) for the upper mantle to a depth of 350 km.
The average radioactivity concentration was obtained from the mean pixel values within the ROI volume, which was converted to counts per milliliter per minute by using a predetermined conversion factor.
Total protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method using a conversion factor of 4.38 (Guo et al. 2007).
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