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The gas exchange rates in leaves and canopies were determined by using a chamber method with an infrared gas analyzer.
Thermal images of leaves were captured using infrared thermography at an air temperature of 26 °C, a relative humidity of 15%% and an irradiance of 260 W m−2. The net photosynthetic rates were determined by using a chamber method with an infrared gas analyzer at an air temperature of 20 °C, a relative humidity of 50%% and a photosynthetic photon flux of 0.5 mmol m−2 s−1.
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Remaining acetone was removed by using a vacuum chamber.
The accumulation chamber method (Parkinson, 1981; Chiodini et al., 1998) was modified in order to work on a lake by using a floating chamber (Fig. 5).
A simulation of conditions as those experienced in a real flight, were achieved by using a pressure chamber, thereby enabling the development of AH.
The oil-producing wells used for sampling never experienced any injection of microorganisms from the surface or other habitats, and during sampling, contamination and cell lysis due to rapid shifts in temperature and pressure were minimized by using a pressurized chamber to allow a slow and controlled reduction of temperature and pressure (Kotlar et al. 2011; Lewin et al. 2014).
Photo documentation and cell counting by using a counting chamber was performed at every passage.
Cells were counted immediately before dilutions by using a Neubauer chamber.
Water evaporation was measured by using a closed chamber system.
Spore concentration was determined by using a counting chamber.
Total numbers of BAL cells were counted by using a Bürker chamber (Marienfeld, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany).
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