We calculated 95% CIs for capture recapture estimates by using a bias-corrected bootstrap method (14 ).
We calculated associated confidence intervals by using a bias-corrected percentile method (26 ) on random samples of the data.
Pools of mosquitoes were tested for WNV by using a reverse transcription PCR, and infection rates were calculated by using a bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation (www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/software.htm).htm
Concentric-type needle electrodes seek to address these issues by using a lower bias (10 V), a single wound, fewer processing steps, and a smaller working area (≈ 10 mm3), thus offering greater accuracy and precision.
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a novel technique on improving the conversion efficiency for a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) transistor-based solar cell by using a voltage biasing transparent electrode.
While this study attempted to reduce the various biases that can occur in this type of survey, such as selection bias by using a random sample, order bias by scrambling the arrangement of photos to be chosen by volunteers, there are some areas that could not be lessened.
In practice, systematic error or bias can often be resolved by using a correction factor; constant bias requires an additive correction factor, whereas proportional bias requires a multiplicative correction factor.
For example, as a threshold for inclusion of studies; as a possible explanation for differences in results between subgroups of studies; by performing sensitivity analyses where only some of the studies are included; or by using a risk-of-bias score as a weight in a meta-analysis of the results.
We were able to minimise certain biases, for instance, due to availability of drug prescription data recall bias was avoided and by using a population-based approach selection bias was minimised.
