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Thus there appears to be evidence that the accelerated evolution observed in later stages of development is driven by unique selective pressures such as sexual selection (but see also [ 67, 68] for examples of theory and empirical evidence suggesting relaxed selective constraint has a large effect in explaining the rapid evolution of genes with sex-limited expression).
The accelerated divergence of late-expressed adult genes is primarily explained by unique selective pressures driving their divergence at this stage.
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This approach exploits a common feature of restriction genes: the unique selective pressures they are subjected to by virtue of their antagonistic relationship with viral pathogens (Meyerson and Sawyer 2011; Daugherty and Malik 2012).
This is in accordance with the adaptive decoupling hypothesis for the benefits of metamorphosis [ 1], which predicts no correlation between traits separated by metamorphosis, thereby each life stage can respond independently to its unique selective pressures.
These data collectively highlight unique selective pressures within the developing brainstem and solidify DIPG as a specific molecular and biological entity among pHGGs.
However, even under allopatric conditions ecology can play a role; if isolated populations experience unique selective pressures then local adaptation and niche diversification may ensue, helping to reinforce reproductive isolation even if physical barriers to dispersal eventually disappear [8].
The approach employed here presents a new means by which investigators can readily identify genes unique to a species or strain as well as identify genes which exhibit compositional properties aberrant from the genome norm such as acquired elements and genes under unique selective pressures.
The higher levels of divergence between H. himera and H. e. cyrbia likely reflect unique selective pressures and/or population histories.
Such functional differentiation would have to be driven by specific selective pressures.
Unlike site model, switching models allow each codon site to change the selective regime, and thus be affected by different selective pressures at different time points.
Cancer evolves dynamically as clonal expansions supersede one another driven by shifting selective pressures, mutational processes, and disrupted cancer genes.
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