With depletion of fossil fuels and concerns regarding environmental issues, biological production of malic acid has attracted more attention, which mainly consists of three pathways, namely non-oxidative pathway, oxidative pathway and glyoxylate cycle.
It can be mediated by two pathways, the death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway.
The latter is marked by agricultural fronts characterised by two main pathways, namely the colonial pathway and the local community pathway (Smith, et al., 1997).
It can be initiated by three different pathways, including the classical pathway, lectin pathway and the alternative pathway [ 2].
Currently, three glycerol metabolic pathways have been reported [24], one phosphorylative pathway [25], [26] and two oxidative pathways that are based on NAD(P +-dependent glycerol dehydrogenases [27].
Results suggest that CO2 is produced by two independent pathways.
We also analyzed these associations with source apportionment models and examined genetic pathway air pollution interactions within three relevant pathways (oxidative stress, metal processing, and endothelial function).
53– 57 It is recognized that oxidative and genotoxic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction activate the senescence response by stimulating two pathways: p53/p21 and p16 pathways.
Thus, a balance between two pathways, mediated respectively by NO and cAMP, determines the extent of oxidative damage in cells.
Those pathogens invaded Mosquitia via two pathways.
This can happen via two pathways.
