The level of S1P is controlled by two pathways, dephosphorylation of S1P regenerating sphingosine by S1P-specific phosphatases (SGPP), and the other is the irreversible cleavage by sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) [ 11- 14].
Telomeric heterochromatin is anchored to the nuclear periphery by two pathways, one of which is enhanced by formation of silent chromatin, whereas the other involves the DNA-end binding complex yKu [ 61].
Thus, higher VEGF expression conceivably could protect from elevation of pulmonary artery pressure in sickle cell disease by two pathways, namely inhibition of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle proliferation and increased production of nitric oxide by endothelial cells.
This may be induced by two pathways: (1) increase of local shear stress by the collapse of microbubbles, and (2) stimulation of local angiogenesis by angiogenesis-related growth factors and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells [ 8, 9, 24].
Gsk3β inactivation is mediated mainly by two pathways: 1) activation of growth factor receptors by EGF, platelet-derived growth factor or insulin, leading to activation of Akt, a protein kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates Gsk3β, 2) activation of the Wnt pathway leading to inhibition of Gsk3β.
Conditioned olfactory aversions to food can potentially arise by two pathways: either by association of an odor with a reflexive taste aversion toward a toxin or by association of an odor with the malaise caused by toxin ingestion.
The coagulation system can be activated by two pathways, the intrinsic and the extrinsic, of which both lead to the formation of the prothrombinase complex on phospholipid membranes.
The L-protein (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase) is an enzyme shared by four pathways, all of which are mitochondrial.
The two pathways of homology-directed DNA repair, HR and SSA, compete with each other and the ratio between the two pathways is balanced by assembly of stable RAD51 filaments (Kass and Jasin, 2010).
This immobilization was demonstrated by two different pathways of amino-silane and chloro-silane functionalization on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles.
