The enhanced antimicrobial ability originated from the synergistic activities of the three components and the proposed mechanisms contained electrostatic interaction followed by two pathways: released Ag species and oxidative stress caused by photo-generated reactive radicals.
The arrangement of the superficial facial veins enables blood flow from the nasal cavity into the peripheral circulation by two pathways: through the frontal vein into the cavernous sinus and through the facial vein into the external jugular vein.
The reaction of CO2 with this highly basic tertiary amine occurs by two pathways: (1) a minor path via the CO2 reaction with hydroxide ion and (2) a predominant reaction pathway that can be characterized by its first order dependency on the free amine concentration.
In 24 26-day-old immature testes, androstanediol is formed by two pathways; the predominant one involves testosterone → dihydrotestosterone → androstanediol, and a second utilizes the pathway progesterone → 5α-dihydroprogesterone → 5α-pregnane-3α-ol-24 26-day-oldregnane-3α,17α-diol-24 26-day-oldosterone → androstanedimmature
In mammalian cells, apoptosis is initiated primarily by two pathways (Hengartner, 2000).
The response to stress is physiologically triggered by an activating signal that is mediated by two pathways.
The addition reaction of PCB-77 and ·OH to produce the reactive intermediate IM5 can be followed by two pathways (Fig. 4a).
The ORR generally proceeds by two pathways [1]: the direct four-electron-transfer reduction of oxygen that produces H2O and the two-electron-transfer reduction of oxygen yielding H2O2 which may be further reduced to H2O. Between them, the former route is an ideal path.
SGIV causes host cell death by two pathways: One is non-apoptotic programmed cell death (PCD) as has been reported in its natural host species (Huang et al., 2011), the other is apoptosis as has been reported in non-natural host species and medaka HX1 cells in culture (Huang et al., 2011; Yuan et al., 2013).
The coagulation system can be activated by two pathways, the intrinsic and the extrinsic, of which both lead to the formation of the prothrombinase complex on phospholipid membranes.
The secretion leads, by two pathways, depending on the substance encountered, to the cleavage and activation of the proclotting enzyme generating the clotting enzyme.
