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These data suggest that TRAIL can enhance extracellular matrix production in fibroblasts by triggering expression of TGF-β, which acts in an autocrine manner.
In fact, it was shown that microbiota can influence immunity by triggering expression of C-type lectins [ 49] or controlling the Th1/Th2 balance [ 50].
In most cell types, TNFR1 signaling promotes cell survival by triggering expression of pro-survival genes through activation of the canonical NF- κB pathway.
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CO has been proposed to trigger expression of FT by interacting with the HAP protein trimeric complex which binds to promoter CCAAT boxes [ 25, 28].
Statins might have a various direct effects on adipose tissue function by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-4 (triggeredggexpressionssiof of IFN-γ in macrophages, which are abundant in adipose tissue, and through increasing PPAR- γ expression[ 125, 126].
This was explained by the elevation of H2O2 levels, which triggered expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD2) thereby decreasing the level of superoxide anions [ 23].
The ~170-kDa species therefore appears structurally similar to a placenta-derived FN fragment that was previously observed to trigger expression of matrix metalloproteinase by synovial cells [ 27].
FasL elicited a proinflammatory reaction in human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line and reconstructed human epidermis by triggering the expression of stress-responsive transcription factors and inflammatory cytokines in absence of an apoptotic response.
Kir2.1 channel activity, which is responsible for this hyperpolarization, initiates myogenesis by triggering the expression of early transcription factors such as myogenin and myocyte enhancer factor (MEF2) [27].
P53 activates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by triggering the expression of transmembrane protein FasL, whose receptor belongs to TNF receptor family (TNF-R) [ 13, 14].
After middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, TLR 2 and TLR 4 are documented to be upregulated and contribute to tissue damage by triggering the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic genes [ 24].
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