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A robust control problem is formed by treating the error as input uncertainty.
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In [7] it has been shown that the effect of channel estimation errors on various decoder and detection algorithms in OFDM receivers can be well modelled by treating the estimation error as an additional white noise contribution at the receiver, with a variance given by the estimation error variance.
However, by treating the predicted orbits as fixed, the orbital errors may be partially assimilated by the estimated satellite clock and hence impact the positioning solutions.
In such case, the implementation of traditional UCD by treating the imperfect CSI as perfect CSI cause significant performance degradation due to inevitable channel estimation error and vector quantization error.
It does this by treating the combined effect of the other SNPs as a residual breeding value, and approximating its prediction error variance from a GBLUP prediction.
How to treat the error inversions?
This result eliminates the conservatism of treating the observer error as an exogeneous disturbance.
However we wanted to generalise findings beyond the year of survey [ 58] to the future and adopted a more conservative approach to sampling error by treating each population sample as a simple random sample.
The EM method can be applied to measurement error problems by treating unobservable true x gi as missing data values [ 2].
Individual points with a reprojected pixel error >3.0 pixels were considered outliers and excluded from the model by treating them as missing observations.
Since we are using posterior probabilities, it is inappropriate to correct for the family-wise error rate or the false discovery rate by treating them as p-values.
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