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The specificity of the BrdU staining was demonstrated by treating cells from rabbit that were not injected with BrdU (data not shown).
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To counteract RSV-induced ROS, cells were pre-treated for 4 h with 10 mM of reduced glutathione or N-Acetylcystein (a glutathione precursor), or 10 μM of Trolox, a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E. H2O2 antiproliferative activity was determined by treating cells with concentrations from 25 400 μM for 18 h and after a release in fresh medium for 72 h.
TSA plus 5-Azacytidine combination experiments were done by treating cells with 5-Azacytidine from day 1 to day 3 and TSA was added for the last 20 hours (at the same concentration than previously described).
The phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 was evaluated by treating cells with increasing concentrations of VK1 (from 10 μM to 200 μM) for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h (data not shown).
IC50 values were estimated by treating cells with a suitable range of concentrations (from 0 to 100 nM).
Fold-change in expression was determined by subtracting ΔCt values for treated cells from their control.
The fold change in gene expression was determined by subtracting ΔCt values for treated cells from their respective control samples.
The apoptotic and necrotic pathways are distinguished as follows: apoptosis is identified by a continuous trace of treated cell from viable to early-late apoptosis and further to nonviable cells, while a direct trace from viable to nonviable quadrant is labeled as necrosis [ 5].
Indeed, treating cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) rescued cells from cytotoxicity caused by glucose deprivation.
We measure the production of the IL-6 and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines by testing media from treated cells by Luminex™ ELISA, as previously reported [43].
Fold difference was determined by dividing the value obtained from P CM or IgG/ADAMTS1 treated cells by the value obtained from V CM or serum free treated cells.
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