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The CCR model is a fractional programming model and solved by transforming to a linear programming model.
This problem may be overcome either by the incorporation of an apparent advection velocity, or by transforming to a coordinate system in which the diffusivity is constant.
This is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables the principal components (PCs), which are uncorrelated and which are ordered, so that the first few retain most of the variation present in all of the original variables.
This is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables which are uncorrelated, and which are ordered so that the first few retain most of the variation present in all of the original variables.
This is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables, the principal components (PCs), which are ordered so that the first few retain most of the variation present in all of the original variables (Jolliffe 2002).
An alternative way of deriving the loop expansion equations is to examine deviations away from the mean directly by transforming to a new variable (z=x-bar{x}) where (bar{x}stackrel{mathrm{def}} langle x t) rangle_{mathrm{tree}}) satisfies the SDE with zero noise (27).
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Moreover, a positive representation of any formula (F) can by transformed to a negative representation of the formula (sim F) by making an anti-clockwise quarter rotation of the corresponding matrix and negating all the literals contained in it.
Computationally, the LAD-aFL estimator can be computed by transform to a unpenalized LAD regression, since both the loss and penalty functions use the same l1 norm.
But it is true for smooth boundary only, because it may be locally straightened by diffeomorphism transforming to a hyper-plane.
Scale scores are generated by summing items and then transforming to a 0 100 scale.
Each dimension is measured by 4 items and transformed to a range from 0 (low) to 100 (high).
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