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Meteorites and the heated quartz sand were crushed into powder using a tungsten mortar and pestle pre-cleaned by three washes of 1 mL water (H2O) and methanol.
The ampicillin was subsequently removed by three washes of 200 µl M9 with 25 mM levamisole hydrochloride.
Fixed cells were incubated with primary antibodies for 1 hour at ambient temperature, followed by three washes of 5 minutes each in PBS.
After 1 hour of incubation, the avidin excess was removed by three washes of PBS, and later the peroxidase was developed with di-amino-benzidine 8% w/v, H2O2 0.3% v/v in PBS buffer.
We modified the protocol by the following additional step: the yeast cells were incubated in reducing buffer (1 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM LiOAc, 10 mM DTT) at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by three washes of ice-cold sorbitol to improve transformation efficiency.
Cells were fixed by three washes of fixative solution (75% acetic acid, 25% methanol).
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Unbound dye was discarded by five washes of 1% acetic acid solution and protein-bound dye was extracted with 10 mM Tris base [tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane] for confirmation of optical density in a computer-interfaced, 96-well microtiter plate reader [28].
The un-reacted residues on the surface were blocked by two washes of 1 M ethanolamine, pH 8.5.
Hereafter, cells were incubated for 1 hour at RT with fluorescence labeled 2nd antibody in blocking solution, followed by five washes of 5 min each with 0.02% Triton-X100/PBS.
For immuno-precipitation, cell lysates were first pre-cleared with protein A & G agarose beads for one hour at 4°C, and then incubated with rabbit anti-Flag or rabbit anti-V5 Ab for at least 2 hours at 4°C with constant agitation, followed by four washes of 20 min each with the lysis buffer.
This was followed by four washes of the precipitates with ice-cold lysisbuffer.
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