It is found that the performance of these systems is limited by two distinct types of instabilities.
Conversely, on deubiquitylation by cylindromatosis (CYLD; and perhaps also by A20 (also known as TNFAIP3), cezanne (also known as OTUD7B) or ubiquitin-specific peptidase 21 (USP21)), RIP1 exerts lethal functions, which can be executed by two distinct types of cell death.
MHC class I transcription is regulated by two distinct types of regulatory pathways: 1) tissue-specific pathways that establish constitutive levels of expression within a given tissue and 2) dynamically modulated pathways that increase or decrease expression within that tissue in response to hormonal or cytokine mediated stimuli.
These processes are regulated by two distinct types of cells, the osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
The feeding behavior is accomplished by two distinct types of muscle contractions, namely pumping and peristalsis.
In contrast, transcriptionally active chromatin is represented by a single chromatin state in Arabidopsis (CS1) but by two distinct types in Drosophila that differ in several ways, including the enrichment of H3K36me3 in 'YELLOW' but not in 'RED' chromatin.
The recognition of pathogen effectors triggers an innate immunity response that is mediated by two distinct types of NB-LRR proteins, the toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR -NB-LRR proTIR -NB-LRRhe coiled-coil (CC)-NB-LRR proTIR -NB-LRR
On the other hand, the vertebrate retina is constituted by two distinct types of vesicle-containing synapses: conventional synapses, found in amacrine cells, and ribbon synapses (peculiar of vertebrates), found in photoreceptor and bipolar cells.
Given the structural resemblance to both P2Y and cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, the short human GPR17 isoform as well as the rat and murine GPR17 were recently suggested to be targeted by two distinct types of agonists, namely cysteinyl leukotrienes and uracil nucleotides (Ciana et al., 2006; Lecca et al., 2008).
Naive CD4+ T cells can acquire at least four distinct phenotypes following activation by antigen, including three distinct types of effectors, Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells and various subsets of regulatory T cells [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].
