They also mimic NK cells by their surface expression of the NKG2D molecule.
Despite sharing indistinguishable morphological senescence phenotypes, the two states can be differentiated by their surface expression of Coxsackie and adenovirus (Adv) receptor (CAR).
Cell types are classically defined by their surface expression of specific cluster of differentiation (CD) markers 103– 106; and in cancer, tumor subtypes are defined by their expression of cell surface receptors, including HER+ and PR+ in breast cancer 107.
Mononuclear cells can be distinguished into at least three subsets by their surface expression pattern of CD14 and CD16, namely into classical monocytes (CD14++CD16−; CM), intermediate monocytes (CD14++CD16+; IM) and non-classical monocytes (CD14+CD16++; NCM), the latter two being viewed as pro-inflammatory cells [18 20].
Regulatory T cells could interact directly with DCs by downregulating their surface expression of CD80/CD86, thus reducing their antigen-presenting ability and blocking the generation of allergen-specific T cell responses.
Another possible mechanism is the occupation of anti-P1 IgMs by cancer cells (including circulating tumour cells) by virtue of their surface expression of P1, leading to a reduction in the amount of unbound antibody in plasma and/or ascites.
HCMV infection strongly induces transcription of MICB, ULBP1, and ULBP2 mRNA but prevents their surface expression by intracellular sequestration with HCMV UL16 (Dunn et al., 2003a).
The cells were harvested and their surface expression characterized by flow cytometry using antibodies against CD11c, MHC class-II, CD86, and CD40 conjugated to APC, FITC, PECy7, PerCP, and Alexa700, respectively, as well as the control isotypes.
Individual patient samples often harbored multiple, distinct, leukemia-associated cell populations identifiable by their surface marker expression, functional performance of signaling pathway in the face of cytokine or growth factor stimulation, as well as their response to apoptosis-inducing agents.
Within the M2 population, there are different subtypes, characterized by their surface receptor expression and cytokine secretory profile, as: M2a (anti-inflammatory), M2b (immune-regulatory) and M2c (remodelling) [26] (Figure 6). Figure 6 During bone regeneration different types of macrophages are found in a mouse osteotomy model.
The latter can be distinguished from the conventional B-2 cells by their surface marker expression, anatomical localization and activation requirements.
