Sentence examples for by the uppermost layer from inspiring English sources

In particular, the explanation given is that electrons of velocity v are scattered by the nickel crystal in very nearly the same directions as those in which an electromagnetic wave of wave - length λe = h/mv would be diffracted by the cross grating formed by the uppermost layer of atoms in the face of the crystal in this case, a (111) face which has been etched by vaporisation.

The height of COT structure can also be influenced directly by the uppermost layer; the height decreases when the FAs reach outward.

This can be overcome by discarding the uppermost layer(s) of the first network and using the activation values of some hidden layer as the input to the second network.

Samples of the incoherent grey deposit have been collected by brushing the surface, whereas powder materials belonging to both the darker and brown-like areas have been sampled by scraping the uppermost layer of the stone surface.

By removing the uppermost layer (which would've sloughed off on its own soon anyway) you're ensuring that the tan develops in a fresh layer that's going to be around longer.

They are characterized by a humus-rich surface horizon (the uppermost layer), by a layer of clay that has migrated below the surface horizon, and by a nutrient content low in available calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium.

The active layer is a concept proposed by Hirano (1971), indicating the uppermost layer of the bottom-surface sediments, which are frequently reworked and deposited by currents and wave processes.

The multiple-layer COT structure contributed a larger spreading area by partial rotation of the uppermost layer (Figs. 3D F).

As in HGPS keratinocytes, the normal keratinocytes were terminally differentiated as defined by their location in the uppermost layer of the granular layer [42].

Traction forces applied by the cell to the elastic substrate caused substrate deformations that were visualized by tracking fluorescent marker beads in the uppermost layer of the substrate (see above).

The weathering resistance of the TAS film was improved by using a protective SiO2 film as the uppermost layer.