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Therefore we do not model the actin stress fibers explicitly, but we note that their effect is represented by the total force
A fatigue index (FI) (Burke et al., 1971) was calculated as the sum of total force produced during the first 2 min divided by the total force produced over the entire 4 min test taken as a percentage.
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The traction stress generated by the cardiomyocyte during contraction was calculated by dividing the total force by the cell-surface area.
The maximum adhesive force that could be exerted by a single seta had already been estimated, by measuring the total force exerted by a foot and dividing by the number of setae (around 5,000 per square millimetre).
It should be noted from Fig. 7 that the prestressing force of each strand can be separately determined in the Smart Strands and EM sensors in each load level (Lv. 1 Lv. 9), while only the averaged prestressing force in each strand can be obtained in the jack and load cell system by dividing the total force by the number of strands.
The stress is calculated by dividing the total force by the surface area.
When using the time explicit material point method to simulate interaction of materials accompanied by large deformations and fragmentation, one often encounters a numerical instability caused by small node mass, because acceleration on a mesh node is obtained by dividing the total force on the node by the mass of the node.
The load is obtained by dividing the total force on the indenter by the repeat distance in the out-of-plane direction of the thin film [29].
Our results show that even for relatively large granular particles of 0.5 mm diameter, namely Geldart B particles, and an intruder of 1 cm, the drag exerted by the interstitial gas accounts for up to 5% of the total force experienced by the intruder.
Determination of the compliance of sensed objects is based on the ratio of force experienced by the rigid cylinder to the total force applied to the sensor.
Maximal force was obtained by subtracting passive force from the total force, i.e. Fmax = Ftotal − Fpas.
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